War of 1965

 The long-standing border disputes, communal tensions, and conflict over the question of Kashmir flared up in a full-scale war between Pakistan and India in September 1965. The War of Rann of Kutch - Skirmishes at the Rann of Kutch flared up almost accidentally in the Spring of 1965. Both Pakistan and India found themselves drawn into the first of their two undeclared wars. The dispute goes back to the days of the British rule when The Rann was the bone of contention between the princely state Kutch, and the Province of Sindh. When Pakistan gained independence, Kutch acceded to India and Sindh to Pakistan. The issue was inherited by these two states along some 3500 sq. miles of territory. From January 1965 on wards, border incidents became frequent. By all accounts the Indian forces were badly defeated in the Kutch area by the Pakistan Army. At the Commonwealth Conference in Britain, the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson successfully persuaded both Pakistan and India to sign an agreement 30 June 1965 to resolve the dispute. Failing to do so bilaterally, a tribunal was set up to resolve this dispute. This tribunal announced its verdict on 19 February 1965, giving 350 sq. miles in the northern part to Pakistan and the rest of The Rann to India. The War in Kashmir - Events in Kashmir were also moving towards a climax and Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri added more fuel to the fire by taking steps to absorb Kashmir further into the political body of India and stated that the Kashmir problem occupied a secondary place in successful relations between India and Pakistan. The application of articles 356 and 357 of the Indian Constitution to the Kashmir State enabled the President of India to establish Presidential Rule in Kashmir and legislate. There was a full fledged effort to amalgamate Kashmir completely into the Indian Union. Sheikh Abdullah, a Kashmiri freedom leader, took extensive foreign tours to enlist international support for the Kashmir cause but he was arrested upon his arrival back in Kashmir by occupying Indian forces and the Kashmir Legislative Assembly adopted the Constitutional Amendments Bill on 30 March 1965, providing: "The Sardar-i-Riyasat would henceforth be known as Governor and would be appointed by the President of India instead of being elected by the local assembly." The Prime Minister would be styled as a Chief Minister, as in the states of the Indian Union. The Kashmiri people called for an all out war against Indian imperialism and established a National Government of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. In a spill over effect, Azad Jammu & Kashmir in Pakistan became increasingly restive. The Indian Army made a series of new moves across the ceasefire line with her regular armed forces which triggered a response from the Pakistani forces. The Lahore Offensive - At 3:00am on 6 September 1965, without a formal declaration of war, Indians crossed the international border of West Pakistan and launched a three-pronged offensive against Lahore, Sialkot and Rajasthan-Punjab border. There was a fierce tank battle on the plains of Punjab. The domestic conflict had now transformed into an international conflict. The United States suspended military supplies to both sides during the war and both the Soviet Union and the United States took a united stand to curtail the conflict within the boundaries of the subcontinent from escalating into a global conflict. China threatened to intervene and offered military support to Pakistan but both the Soviet Union and the United States and later India pressured the United Nations to arrange for an immediate ceasefire. The main diplomatic effort to stop the fighting was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations and a ceasefire came into effect on 23 September 1965. The Soviet Union, which had remained neutral while India and Pakistan were at war, played broker at Tashkent afterwards. A Soviet Government communique formally announced on December 8 that the Indian Prime Minister Shastri and the Pakistani President Ayub would meet at Tashkent on 4 January 1966. The Tashkent Conference lasted from January 4 to January 10. The Soviet Premier Kosygin earned praise as a peacemaker. The main achievement of the Conference was to withdraw, no later than February 25, 1966, all armed personnel to the position held before August 5, 1964. — at Rann of Kutch.

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